Positive emotion broadens attention focus through decreased position- specific spatial encoding in early visual cortex: Evidence from ERPs. Sensory stimulus processing is determined not only by bottom- up physical characteristics, but also by top- down cognitive or affective processes. In this framework, mood has been shown to shape the way that incoming information is attended and eventually processed (Gray, 2. According to Fredrickson’s influential broaden- and- build theory, negative and positive emotions have opposing but complementary functions (Fredrickson & Levenson, 1. While negative emotions can narrow the thought- action repertoires of an individual, positive affect can substantially broaden thinking styles and these thought–action repertoires. Positive affective states elicit a broadening of the scope of attention (Derryberry & Reed, 1. Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1. Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1. Isen, Rosenzweig, & Young, 1. Isen & Daubman, 1. In a similar vein, cognitive control abilities, and more specifically conflict adaptation, are reduced following the transient induction of positive mood (van Steenbergen, Band, & Hommel, 2. Interestingly, recent findings have suggested that a weakening of inhibitory control processes provides a plausible mechanism to account for a broadening of attention after the induction of positive emotion (Rowe, Hirsh, & Anderson, 2. Wang et al., 2. 01. In this framework, loosening up inhibitory processes would result in a broader information- processing style, and hence a less narrowed attention focus. ![]() ![]() Before I say anything that will undoubtedly get somebody out there angry lemme welcome none other than BILL SHUTE back from the dead! Or at least let's welcome him. Auto Diesel s.a. Av.Verge de Canolich 59 Av.Verge de Canolich 59 (Andorra) E-mail: [email protected] Tel: (+376) 841143.
As a result, individuals in a happy mood would become more receptive to irrelevant information, allowing distracting stimuli to interfere more strongly with goal- relevant stimuli (Dreisbach & Goschke, 2. Thus, positive emotion would primarily reduce inhibitory control mechanisms (i. While this mechanism could, on the one hand, explain enhanced distractibility under positive mood, it might, on the other hand, also enable people to think in a more creative and flexible way, because they could learn more efficiently from incidental opportunities (Biss & Hasher, 2. Biss, Hasher, & Thomas, 2. Whereas many studies have already focused on these gains and drawbacks in higher- level cognition and reasoning under positive mood (Ashby, Isen, & Turken, 1. ![]() Biss & Hasher, 2. Biss et al., 2. 01. Fredrickson, 2. 00. Fredrickson & Levenson, 1. Isen, 2. 00. 0), the actual modus operandi of positive emotion on attention abilities still remains largely underspecified. More specifically, an unanswered question is how positive emotion may dynamically shape and transform attention control mechanisms, such that a broader attentional scope can eventually bias early sensory stimulus processing, leading to the enhancement of both creativity and distractibility. Decreased attention control in this condition might underlie these behavioral phenomena. Attention control usually refers to the different brain mechanisms that enable fast and efficient selection of relevant information in the environment (Desimone & Duncan, 1. Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1. Not only do perceptual salience, novelty, and unexpectedness determine the ease of attentional selection (bottom- up factors; see Egeth & Yantis, 1. Wolfe & Horowitz, 2. Corbetta & Shulman, 2. Thus, both top- down and bottom- up attention processes exert control over sensory stimulus processing in such a way as to gate the flow of incoming information and eventually to facilitate the selection of relevant stimuli, while filtering irrelevant information from further processing (Corbetta & Shulman, 2. Desimone & Duncan, 1. Theeuwes, 2. 01. 0). Interestingly, it has been suggested that prefrontal cognitive control regions are swiftly recruited in order to downplay the interfering effect potentially created by distractors, and eventually to maintain an efficient attention selection process (Lavie, 2. Lavie, Hirst, de Fockert, & Viding, 2. However, these attention control systems are dynamic and not immune to changes in affective states (see Desseilles et al., 2. Gray, 2. 00. 4; Rossi & Pourtois, 2. Rowe et al., 2. 00. Nonetheless, the effects of positive emotion on these attention control mechanisms, which gate sensory processing as early as in V1, have been much less explored than the effects of negative emotion (Stolarova, Keil, & Moratti, 2. West, Anderson, Ferber, & Pratt, 2. Accordingly, the goal of our study was to investigate, using state- of- the- art event- related potential (ERP) methods (Exp. Exp. 2), possible downside effects of positive mood on early sensory stimulus processing, presumably resulting from a change in top- down attention control mechanisms. Participants performed a demanding task at fixation, while distractors were presented in the upper visual field at unpredictable times and locations relative to the task- relevant stimuli (Schwartz et al., 2. This setup is suited to explore, using high- density electroencephalography (EEG) measurements, changes in the spatial gradient of visual attention toward peripheral distractors, while fixation is maintained at a constant location in the center of the screen (Pourtois, Delplanque, Michel, & Vuilleumier, 2. Rauss, Schwartz, & Pourtois, 2. Rossi & Pourtois, 2. Because we used eccentric/peripheral visual stimuli, we could record a reliable C1 ERP component that reflects early retinotopic encoding of the stimulus in V1 and yet is sensitive to top- down attention control effects (Rauss, Pourtois, Vuilleumier, & Schwartz, 2. Rauss et al., 2. 01. Rossi & Pourtois, 2. The C1 usually peaks ~5. Di Russo, Martínez, Sereno, Pitzalis, & Hillyard, 2.Jeffreys & Axford, 1.In accordance with the cruciform organization of the primary visual cortex and calcarine fissure, the amplitude and polarity of the C1 substantially change as a function of the position of the stimulus in the visual field (Clark, Fan, & Hillyard, 1.In Experiment 1, we therefore capitalized on these well- defined electrophysiological properties to investigate whether the C1 component could vary in size and topography not only according to the actual position of a distractor stimulus shown in the upper visual field (i.We tested the prediction that the selectivity for early spatial encoding of distractors in V1, at the level of the C1, would decrease after the induction of positive mood.This effect could result from a modulation of top- down attention control mechanisms by positive mood (Rowe et al., 2.More precisely, we surmised that the normal reduction of the C1 with increasing distance of the distractor, relative to fixation, would be less pronounced in participants in a positive mood, relative to a neutral mood, consistent with a broadening of attention. How To Run Microsoft Defragment . We also explored the possible effects of positive mood on later ERP components in response to peripheral distractors. Unlike the striate C1, the extrastriate P1, which peaks ~1. Gomez Gonzalez, Clark, Fan, Luck, & Hillyard, 1. Herrmann & Knight, 2. Martínez et al., 1. Moriya & Nittono, 2. Moreover, the amplitude of the P1 is typically larger for attended, relative to unattended, stimuli, consistent with a gain control mechanism of visual attention exerting modulatory effects in the extrastriate visual cortex (Hillyard & Anllo- Vento, 1. Martínez et al., 1. Finally, we were also interested in the possible effects of mood on the processing of central, task- relevant stimuli. The efficiency of central target stimulus processing was mostly assessed by means of the decision- related P3. Ericsson, Olofsson, Nordin, Rudolfsson, & Sandstrom, 2. Kok, 2. 00. 1; Polich, 2. Polich & Kok, 1. Moreover, because this component has recently been shown to vary with the (negative) affective state of the participant (e. Shackman, Maxwell, Mc. Menamin, Greischar, & Davidson, 2. To corroborate the assumption of a drop in early attention selectivity for peripheral textures following the induction of positive mood, we ran an additional behavioral experiment. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to explicitly discriminate the content of these peripheral stimuli (in addition to the centrally presented stimuli at fixation).
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